Bernardo O'Higgins

O'Higgins commanded patriot forces defending Rancagua against Spanish royalist troops. After a two-day siege, the patriots were defeated, forcing O'Higgins and other leaders to flee to Argentina. This defeat ended the Patria Vieja period of Chilean independence.

O'Higgins decreed the abolition of all titles of nobility in Chile, eliminating the legal distinctions of the colonial aristocracy. This reform was part of his broader effort to create a more egalitarian society and break with the Spanish colonial system.

O'Higgins, as Supreme Director, formally proclaimed Chile's independence from Spain in Talca. The declaration followed the victory at the Battle of Maip

Facing growing opposition from conservative factions and regional leaders, O'Higgins resigned as Supreme Director. He went into exile in Peru, where he lived until his death. His resignation marked the end of his direct role in Chilean politics.