Albert Einstein

Einstein published his paper 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies', introducing the special theory of relativity. He proposed that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers and that the speed of light is constant, revolutionizing physics.

In a follow-up paper, Einstein derived the equation E=mc

Einstein completed his general theory of relativity, describing gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. The theory predicted phenomena like gravitational lensing and black holes, and was confirmed by Eddington's 1919 solar eclipse observations.

Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, not for relativity. His work demonstrated that light consists of discrete quanta (photons), which was a key contribution to quantum theory.

Einstein, a Jewish pacifist, fled Nazi Germany after Hitler's rise to power. He renounced his German citizenship and accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he remained for the rest of his life.

Einstein signed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning that Nazi Germany might develop atomic weapons and urging the U.S. to begin its own nuclear research. This letter led to the Manhattan Project, though Einstein later regretted his role.