Richard Wellesley vs Walter Lini

Wellesley formalized the Subsidiary Alliance system, requiring Indian states to accept British troops and a British resident in exchange for protection. States like Hyderabad, Mysore, and the Maratha Peshwa accepted these alliances, effectively making them British protectorates and expanding British influence without direct rule.

Richard Wellesley was appointed Governor-General of India in 1798. He pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion through the Subsidiary Alliance system, which brought many Indian states under British control without direct annexation.

Wellesley ordered the invasion of Mysore in 1799, leading to the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. British forces captured Seringapatam and killed Tipu Sultan. The kingdom was divided, with the British taking direct control of large territories and restoring the Wodeyar dynasty as a client state.

Wellesley launched the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803, defeating the Maratha Confederacy in a series of battles including Assaye and Laswari. The war resulted in the British gaining control of Delhi, Agra, and large parts of central India, and the Maratha Peshwa becoming a British dependent.

Lini's government pursued Melanesian socialism, nationalizing key industries and promoting land reform. These policies aimed to reduce foreign influence but faced economic challenges.

Walter Lini, as leader of the Vanua'aku Pati, led the New Hebrides to independence from joint French-British colonial rule, becoming the first Prime Minister of Vanuatu.

Lini faced a no-confidence motion in Parliament but survived, maintaining power. The motion reflected growing internal dissent within his party.