Mamai vs Tong Guan

Mamai sent a force under Begich to attack the Grand Principality of Moscow. Dmitry Donskoy's army defeated the Horde force on the Vozha River, marking the first major Russian victory over the Golden Horde and escalating tensions before Kulikovo.

Mamai led a large Golden Horde army against the coalition of Russian principalities under Dmitry Donskoy at Kulikovo Field. The Russian forces defeated the Horde, severely damaging Mamai's authority and prestige. Mamai fled the battlefield.

After the defeat at Kulikovo, Mamai's rival Tokhtamysh, backed by Tamerlane, challenged his rule. Mamai gathered forces but was defeated by Tokhtamysh at the Battle of the Kalka River. Mamai fled to the Genoese colony of Caffa, where he was killed.

Tong Guan commanded a Song army against the Western Xia (Tangut) state, achieving initial victories but failing to secure lasting gains. The campaign drained resources and exposed military weaknesses.

Tong Guan negotiated the 'Alliance Conducted by Sea' with the Jurchen Jin dynasty, agreeing to jointly attack the Liao dynasty. The alliance aimed to recover the Sixteen Prefectures but led to Jin expansion.

Tong Guan was placed in charge of defending Kaifeng against the Jin invasion but proved incompetent. He failed to coordinate defenses and fled, contributing to the fall of the Northern Song capital.

After the Jin siege of Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong ordered Tong Guan's execution for treason and incompetence. He was beheaded, and his death was seen as a scapegoat for the dynasty's collapse.