Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero vs Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

Bustamante y Rivero won the 1945 presidential election as the candidate of the National Democratic Front, a coalition that included the reformist APRA party. His victory marked a return to civilian rule after years of military government.

General Manuel Odria led a military coup that overthrew President Bustamante y Rivero. The coup was triggered by Bustamante's inability to control inflation and his conflict with the APRA party, which led to a naval mutiny and political crisis.

After being overthrown, Bustamante y Rivero was exiled to Argentina. He lived there for several years, writing and reflecting on his presidency and the state of Peruvian democracy.

Bustamante y Rivero was elected President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague. He served in this role until 1970, presiding over several important international disputes and contributing to the development of international law.

Tokayev was appointed Prime Minister of Kazakhstan by President Nursultan Nazarbayev, serving from 1999 to 2002. During his tenure, he oversaw economic reforms and privatization, though his government faced criticism for corruption and lack of transparency.

As Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Tokayev chaired the UN Security Council during Kazakhstan's non-permanent membership. He facilitated discussions on nuclear non-proliferation and regional security, enhancing Kazakhstan's diplomatic profile.

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was elected President of Kazakhstan in a snap election held after the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev. He won with 70.96% of the vote, succeeding the long-time leader and inheriting a system with significant power concentrated in the former president's hands.

Tokayev initiated a constitutional referendum that reduced the powers of the presidency, strengthened parliament, and limited the influence of former president Nursultan Nazarbayev. The reforms were approved by 77% of voters, marking a shift toward a more balanced political system.

Tokayev faced nationwide protests triggered by fuel price increases, which escalated into political unrest. He declared a state of emergency, requested military assistance from the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and ordered a crackdown that resulted in dozens of deaths and thousands of arrests.