Jose Eduardo dos Santos vs Ruud Lubbers

Jose Eduardo dos Santos succeeded Agostinho Neto as President of Angola after Neto's death. He became the leader of the MPLA and the country, inheriting an ongoing civil war.

Dos Santos signed the Bicesse Accords with UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, agreeing to a ceasefire and multi-party elections. The accords aimed to end the Angolan Civil War but ultimately failed.

Dos Santos won the 1992 presidential election, but UNITA rejected the results, leading to a resumption of the civil war. The election was internationally monitored but marred by violence.

After the death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi in combat, dos Santos's government signed a ceasefire with UNITA, ending the 27-year civil war. The peace allowed for post-war reconstruction and oil-driven economic growth.

Following the civil war, Angola experienced an oil boom, with production reaching over 1.8 million barrels per day. The revenue fueled rapid economic growth but also led to high corruption and inequality.

Dos Santos stepped down as president after 38 years in power, handing over to his chosen successor, Jo

Lubbers introduced austerity measures, cutting social benefits, reducing public sector wages, and deregulating the economy. These 'No Nonsense' policies aimed to combat stagflation and high unemployment. They reduced the budget deficit but also increased social inequality and labor market flexibility.

Lubbers became prime minister at age 43, leading a coalition of CDA and VVD. He was the youngest Dutch prime minister since World War II. His first term focused on economic recovery, cutting public spending, and reducing the budget deficit.

Lubbers' government agreed to the deployment of 48 US cruise missiles on Dutch soil as part of NATO's dual-track decision. This was highly controversial, sparking massive peace protests. The decision was later reversed after the INF Treaty with the Soviet Union.

Lubbers resigned after the 1994 election, in which his CDA lost 20 seats, its worst result ever. He had served three consecutive terms (1982-1994), making him the longest-serving Dutch prime minister. His resignation marked the end of Christian Democratic dominance.

Lubbers resigned as UN High Commissioner for Refugees after an internal investigation found he had sexually harassed a female staff member. He denied the allegations but stepped down to avoid damaging the UN. This ended his international career on a negative note.