John II of Castile vs Lothair I

John II appointed

John II and

Under pressure from the nobility and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, John II ordered the execution of his longtime favorite

Lothair I was crowned co-emperor by Pope Paschal I in Rome, receiving the imperial title from his father Louis the Pious. This coronation affirmed Lothair's status as the senior heir and future ruler of the Carolingian Empire, though it later led to conflict with his brothers.

Lothair I led a rebellion of nobles against his father, Emperor Louis the Pious, resulting in Louis's temporary deposition. Lothair seized power but was later forced to restore his father after the intervention of his brothers. This event deepened family divisions.

Lothair I's forces were defeated by the combined armies of his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald at Fontenoy-en-Puisaye. The battle was a bloody civil war that weakened the Carolingian dynasty and led directly to the negotiations for the Treaty of Verdun.

Lothair I, along with his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald, signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. Lothair received Middle Francia, including the imperial title and the cities of Aachen and Rome.

Lothair I abdicated the throne and divided Middle Francia among his three sons: Louis II (Italy and imperial title), Lothair II (Lotharingia), and Charles (Provence). He then retired to Pr