Ibn Khaldun vs Ibn Taymiyyah

Ibn Khaldun served as vizier to the Marinid ruler Abu Inan in Tlemcen. He was involved in court intrigues and political maneuvering, which led to his imprisonment for two years after falling out of favor. This experience shaped his understanding of political power and decline.

Ibn Khaldun completed the 'Muqaddimah' (Prolegomena), the introduction to his universal history. This work laid the foundations for historiography, sociology, and economics, introducing concepts like social cohesion (asabiyya), the cyclical theory of civilizations, and the impact of environment on society.

Ibn Khaldun wrote 'Kitab al-Ibar' (Book of Lessons), a universal history covering the Arabs, Berbers, and other civilizations. The work applied his sociological theories from the Muqaddimah to historical analysis, making it a pioneering work in comparative history.

Ibn Khaldun was appointed Grand Qadi (chief judge) of the Maliki school in Mamluk Cairo. He held this position multiple times, facing political pressures and conflicts with other judges. His tenure was marked by efforts to reform the judiciary and uphold strict legal standards.

During the siege of Damascus by Timur, Ibn Khaldun negotiated with the Mongol conqueror outside the city walls. He recorded their conversations in his autobiography, providing a unique firsthand account of Timur's character and ambitions, and secured safe passage for himself.

Ibn Taymiyyah issued a fatwa declaring that Muslims under Mongol rule should rebel, as the Mongols did not fully implement Sharia law. This fatwa justified jihad against the Ilkhanate and influenced later Salafi thought on legitimate authority.

Ibn Taymiyyah was imprisoned in the Citadel of Cairo for his anthropomorphic interpretations of God's attributes and his criticism of Sufi practices. He was tried before a council of scholars and confined for 18 months.

Ibn Taymiyyah was exiled to Alexandria by the Mamluk sultan after he condemned the veneration of saints and the practice of visiting tombs. He remained there for several years before being allowed to return to Cairo.

Ibn Taymiyyah wrote a major theological work defending the Salafi creed, arguing for a literal interpretation of the Quran and Hadith. He rejected allegorical interpretation (ta'wil) and criticized Ash'ari theology.

Ibn Taymiyyah was imprisoned in the Citadel of Damascus for his continued opposition to the veneration of saints and his criticism of the Ash'ari school. He died in confinement, his body reportedly refused burial in public cemeteries initially.