Hassan Gouled Aptidon vs Sukarno

Aptidon led the independence movement from France, becoming the first President of Djibouti on June 27, 1977. He negotiated the transfer of power and established the new nation's government.

Aptidon's government declared Djibouti a one-party state under the People's Rally for Progress (RPP). This consolidated his power but suppressed political opposition.

Aptidon hosted the Djibouti Peace Conference aimed at ending the Somali Civil War. The talks led to a temporary ceasefire but failed to achieve lasting peace.

Sukarno, with Mohammad Hatta, proclaimed Indonesia's independence from Dutch colonial rule. This declaration sparked the Indonesian National Revolution, a four-year struggle against Dutch reoccupation.

Sukarno hosted the Bandung Conference, bringing together 29 Asian and African nations. The conference promoted non-alignment and anti-colonialism, leading to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Sukarno dissolved the Constituent Assembly and reinstated the 1945 constitution, establishing 'Guided Democracy'. This centralized power in the presidency, curtailed parliamentary democracy, and increased military influence.

Sukarno launched a policy of 'Konfrontasi' against the formation of Malaysia, which he viewed as a neo-colonial project. This led to a three-year undeclared war involving guerrilla raids and diplomatic tensions with Britain and Malaysia.

An abortive coup by leftist military officers led to a violent anti-communist purge. Sukarno's authority was undermined, and General Suharto gradually seized power, forcing Sukarno to transfer executive authority in 1966 and placing him under house arrest.