Gungunhana vs Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi

Gungunhana signed a treaty recognizing Portuguese sovereignty over Gaza, becoming a vassal. This agreement was intended to avoid conflict but ultimately failed as Portuguese demands for control increased, leading to war.

Gungunhana's forces defeated a Portuguese column at the Battle of Magul in Mozambique. This victory temporarily halted Portuguese expansion into Gaza territory, but also provoked a larger Portuguese military response.

Gungunhana was captured by Portuguese forces led by Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque after the Battle of Chaimite. He was exiled to the Azores and later to Portugal, ending Gaza Nguni resistance. His capture marked the fall of the Gaza Empire.

Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi's father, Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi, founded the Senussi order in Mecca. After his father's death in 1859, al-Mahdi became the order's leader and expanded it significantly.

Al-Mahdi moved the Senussi headquarters to the Kufra oasis in southeastern Libya in 1895. This location became the spiritual and administrative center of the order, facilitating expansion into central Africa.

Al-Mahdi led Senussi resistance against French colonial forces advancing from Chad into the Sahara. The conflict resulted in Senussi military defeats and loss of territory, but solidified the order's anti-colonial stance.

Al-Mahdi died in 1902 at Kufra. His son, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, succeeded him as leader of the order, continuing the anti-colonial struggle and later supporting the Ottoman Empire in World War I.