Frederick I of Sweden vs Hyojong of Joseon

Frederick I was crowned King of Sweden after his wife Ulrika Eleonora abdicated in his favor. His coronation was conditional on accepting the 1720 constitution, which limited royal power and strengthened the Riksdag.

Frederick I presided over the early Age of Liberty, a period of parliamentary rule in Sweden. He had little political influence, as power shifted to the Riksdag and the Hat and Cap parties.

Frederick I, influenced by the Hat party, declared war on Russia in an attempt to regain lost territories. The war ended in 1743 with the Treaty of

Frederick I died in Stockholm at age 75. His death ended a reign of 31 years during which royal power declined and the Age of Liberty flourished.

King Hyojong initiated a plan to invade Qing China to avenge the humiliation of the 1636 surrender. He expanded the army, built fortifications, and stockpiled weapons. The plan was never executed due to Qing power and lack of allies.

Hyojong strengthened the Joseon military by reorganizing the army, improving artillery, and fortifying northern borders. He also promoted the use of matchlock muskets and trained a standing army, preparing for a potential war with Qing.

King Hyojong died suddenly at age 40, possibly from illness or poisoning. His death ended the Northern Expedition plan. His successor Hyeonjong was young, leading to a power vacuum and intensified factional strife.