Elias Hrawi vs Richard Wellesley

Elias Hrawi was elected President of Lebanon on November 24, 1989, just two days after the assassination of Rene Moawad. He was a Maronite politician from Zahle, backed by Syria, and his election was intended to continue the implementation of the Taif Agreement, which aimed to end the 15-year civil war.

In 1990, President Elias Hrawi oversaw the ratification of the Taif Agreement, which reformed Lebanon's political system to give more power to Muslims and reduce the presidency's authority. The agreement ended the civil war and established a framework for national reconciliation, though it also formalized Syrian hegemony over Lebanon.

Under President Hrawi's leadership, the Lebanese government, with Syrian support, disarmed most militias in 1991, except for Hezbollah. This move consolidated state authority and ended the armed conflict, but it also left Hezbollah as the only major militia allowed to keep its weapons, a decision that would have long-term consequences for Lebanese sovereignty.

In 1995, the Lebanese Parliament, under Syrian influence, amended the constitution to extend President Hrawi's term by three years, citing the need for stability. This move was criticized as undemocratic and set a precedent for future term extensions, undermining the Taif Agreement's spirit of power-sharing.

Elias Hrawi's extended term ended in 1998, and he was succeeded by Emile Lahoud. His presidency is credited with ending the civil war and rebuilding state institutions, but also criticized for entrenching Syrian control and failing to achieve true sovereignty. He died in 2006.

Wellesley formalized the Subsidiary Alliance system, requiring Indian states to accept British troops and a British resident in exchange for protection. States like Hyderabad, Mysore, and the Maratha Peshwa accepted these alliances, effectively making them British protectorates and expanding British influence without direct rule.

Richard Wellesley was appointed Governor-General of India in 1798. He pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion through the Subsidiary Alliance system, which brought many Indian states under British control without direct annexation.

Wellesley ordered the invasion of Mysore in 1799, leading to the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. British forces captured Seringapatam and killed Tipu Sultan. The kingdom was divided, with the British taking direct control of large territories and restoring the Wodeyar dynasty as a client state.

Wellesley launched the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803, defeating the Maratha Confederacy in a series of battles including Assaye and Laswari. The war resulted in the British gaining control of Delhi, Agra, and large parts of central India, and the Maratha Peshwa becoming a British dependent.