Edgar Lungu vs Edward Gierek

Edgar Lungu won the presidential by-election following the death of President Michael Sata. He defeated Hakainde Hichilema in a close race, becoming the 6th President of Zambia.

Lungu won a full five-year term in the general election, again defeating Hakainde Hichilema. The election was marked by opposition allegations of irregularities and a disputed constitutional court ruling.

Lungu's government arrested opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema on charges of treason after his convoy failed to give way to the presidential motorcade. Hichilema was held for several months before the charges were dropped.

Lungu was defeated by Hakainde Hichilema in the general election, receiving 38.3% of the vote against Hichilema's 59%. He conceded defeat, marking the first peaceful transfer of power to an opposition candidate in Zambia since 1991.

Following the December 1970 protests and the ouster of W

Gierek launched a massive economic expansion program financed by Western loans, aiming to modernize Polish industry and increase consumer goods. This led to a temporary rise in living standards but created unsustainable foreign debt.

Gierek, as Polish leader, signed the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. The accords committed Poland to human rights principles, which later fueled the rise of the Solidarity movement.

Gierek's government announced sharp increases in food prices, triggering widespread worker protests in Radom and Ursus. The government quickly rescinded the price hikes, revealing the regime's vulnerability to popular opposition.

Amidst the rise of the Solidarity trade union and a severe economic crisis, Gierek was removed from his position as First Secretary in September 1980. He was replaced by Stanis