Charles Edward Stuart vs Kinjeketile Ngwale

Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobite army defeated a government force under John Cope at Prestonpans. The battle lasted only minutes, with the Highlanders charging through mist. The victory gave the Jacobites control of Scotland and boosted morale.

Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobite army was decisively defeated by government forces under the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden. The battle lasted less than an hour. The defeat ended the Jacobite rising and led to brutal reprisals against Highland clans.

After Culloden, Charles Edward Stuart fled through the Highlands and islands, evading government troops for five months. He was aided by supporters like Flora MacDonald. He eventually escaped to France, never to return to Scotland.

Kinjeketile Ngwale, a spirit medium, began preaching that a sacred water (maji) would protect Africans from German bullets. He claimed to be possessed by the spirit Hongo and called for a united uprising against German colonial rule in German East Africa.

Kinjeketile Ngwale distributed the maji water to leaders of various ethnic groups, including the Matumbi, Ngindo, and Pogoro. He instructed them to use it in rituals to gain invulnerability, sparking the widespread uprising known as the Maji Maji rebellion.

German colonial forces captured Kinjeketile Ngwale after the rebellion began. He was tried for inciting rebellion and executed by hanging. His death did not end the rebellion, which continued until 1907 and resulted in massive casualties.