Bayan of the Merkid vs Ding Wei

Bayan ordered the abolition of the Confucian civil service examinations, which had been reinstated by earlier Yuan emperors. This move was part of his policy to reduce Chinese influence in the government and favor Mongol and Semu officials.

Bayan of the Merkid was appointed as chancellor (chengxiang) under Emperor Toghon Temur. He quickly centralized power, becoming the de facto ruler of the Yuan dynasty.

Bayan issued decrees forbidding Chinese from learning the Mongol script and requiring them to adopt Mongol names. These measures aimed to suppress Chinese cultural identity and reinforce Mongol dominance.

Emperor Toghon Temur, with the help of Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, staged a coup that removed Bayan from power. Bayan was exiled and died shortly thereafter, ending his anti-Chinese policies.

Ding Wei was appointed as chancellor (zaixiang) under Emperor Renzong, with Empress Liu as regent. He quickly became a dominant figure at court, using bribery and manipulation to control appointments and policy.

Ding Wei orchestrated the political downfall of his rival Kou Zhun, a respected chancellor. He accused Kou of plotting against the regent Empress Liu, leading to Kou's exile. This event solidified Ding Wei's power but also earned him a reputation for cunning.

Ding Wei introduced fiscal reforms to increase state revenue, including new taxes on commerce and land. These measures were criticized for burdening the populace but temporarily strengthened the Song treasury during a period of military spending.

Ding Wei was exiled to Hainan Island after losing a power struggle with rival chancellors. His exile to the remote tropical island was a severe punishment, reflecting the intensity of Song court factionalism. He died in exile.