Ayilyam Thirunal vs Umberto II

Ayilyam Thirunal established the first English school in Travancore, the Raja's Free School (later Maharaja's College, now University College Thiruvananthapuram). This marked the beginning of modern education in the kingdom, providing Western-style education to the elite and laying the foundation for a educated middle class.

Ayilyam Thirunal patronized Malayalam literature and established the first printing press in Travancore. He supported the publication of books and newspapers in Malayalam, including the first Malayalam newspaper, 'Rajya Samacharam'. This fostered a literary renaissance and promoted vernacular education.

Ayilyam Thirunal implemented a new land revenue system, standardizing taxes and reducing the burden on peasants. He abolished many feudal levies and introduced a more efficient administration. This reform improved agricultural productivity and state revenues, though it also faced resistance from landlords.

Ayilyam Thirunal oversaw the construction of the first railway line in Travancore, connecting Thiruvananthapuram to Kollam. This railway facilitated trade and travel, boosting the economy. The project was part of his broader modernization efforts, including roads, canals, and telegraph lines.

Umberto II became king on May 9, 1946, after his father's abdication. His reign lasted only 34 days, ending with the institutional referendum on June 2, 1946, which abolished the monarchy and established the Italian Republic. He went into exile in Portugal.

Umberto II accepted the outcome of the referendum that saw 54% of voters choose a republic over the monarchy. He refused to contest the result and departed for exile, ending the House of Savoy's rule in Italy. The republican constitution took effect in 1948.