Arundel Thomas vs Ibn Khaldun

Thomas Arundel was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by King Richard II. He became the highest-ranking cleric in England and a key figure in the kingdom's religious and political affairs.

Arundel was exiled by Richard II but returned with Henry Bolingbroke. He crowned Henry IV as king, legitimizing the Lancastrian usurpation and becoming a key supporter of the new dynasty.

Arundel led the campaign against the Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe. He secured the passage of the statute 'De Heretico Comburendo', which authorized the burning of heretics, and oversaw the trial and execution of William Sawtrey.

Arundel issued the Constitutions of Oxford, which banned the translation of the Bible into English without diocesan approval and prohibited the teaching of Wycliffe's ideas at Oxford University. These measures aimed to suppress Lollard influence.

Ibn Khaldun served as vizier to the Marinid ruler Abu Inan in Tlemcen. He was involved in court intrigues and political maneuvering, which led to his imprisonment for two years after falling out of favor. This experience shaped his understanding of political power and decline.

Ibn Khaldun completed the 'Muqaddimah' (Prolegomena), the introduction to his universal history. This work laid the foundations for historiography, sociology, and economics, introducing concepts like social cohesion (asabiyya), the cyclical theory of civilizations, and the impact of environment on society.

Ibn Khaldun wrote 'Kitab al-Ibar' (Book of Lessons), a universal history covering the Arabs, Berbers, and other civilizations. The work applied his sociological theories from the Muqaddimah to historical analysis, making it a pioneering work in comparative history.

Ibn Khaldun was appointed Grand Qadi (chief judge) of the Maliki school in Mamluk Cairo. He held this position multiple times, facing political pressures and conflicts with other judges. His tenure was marked by efforts to reform the judiciary and uphold strict legal standards.

During the siege of Damascus by Timur, Ibn Khaldun negotiated with the Mongol conqueror outside the city walls. He recorded their conversations in his autobiography, providing a unique firsthand account of Timur's character and ambitions, and secured safe passage for himself.