Amadou II of Macina vs Charles I of Austria

Amadou II succeeded his father Sekou Amadou as ruler of the Macina Empire. He inherited a stable theocratic state but faced growing external threats from the expanding Toucouleur Empire under Umar Tall.

Umar Tall's Toucouleur forces besieged and captured the Macina capital of Hamdullahi. Amadou II was killed during the battle, and the Macina Empire was annexed into the Toucouleur Empire, ending its independence.

Charles I became Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary upon the death of his great-uncle Franz Joseph I. He inherited a war-weary empire in the midst of World War I, facing military defeat and internal disintegration.

Charles I conducted secret peace negotiations with France through his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma. He proposed supporting French claims to Alsace-Lorraine in exchange for a separate peace. The negotiations failed when Germany refused to cede territory, and the affair was leaked, damaging Charles's credibility.

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, Charles I issued a proclamation renouncing participation in state affairs but did not formally abdicate. He went into exile in Switzerland, ending over 600 years of Habsburg rule.

Charles I made two attempts to regain the Hungarian throne, traveling to Hungary in March and October 1921. Both attempts failed due to lack of support from the Hungarian regent Mikl