Ahmad Fanakati vs Ibn al-Athir

Ahmad Fanakati was appointed by Kublai Khan as finance minister, tasked with managing the empire's revenues. He implemented tax reforms and monopolies on salt, iron, and tea, increasing state income but generating resentment among Chinese officials.

Ahmad Fanakati oversaw the expansion of paper money (chao) as the primary currency in Yuan China. He standardized its issuance and circulation, which facilitated trade but also led to inflation and economic instability due to overprinting.

Ahmad Fanakati was assassinated by a group of Chinese officials led by Wang Zhu and Gao Heshang, who accused him of corruption and tyranny. His death led to a purge of his supporters and a temporary shift in Yuan fiscal policy.

Ibn al-Athir held administrative positions in Mosul under the Zengid rulers, including serving as a vizier or secretary. This role gave him access to state archives and firsthand knowledge of political and military events he later chronicled.

Ibn al-Athir wrote a history of the Zengid dynasty, focusing on the reign of Nur al-Din and Saladin. This work provides detailed accounts of the Muslim counter-crusade, including the Battle of Hattin and the capture of Jerusalem.

Ibn al-Athir lived through the Mongol invasions of Persia and the Middle East, including the fall of Baghdad (1258) which he did not live to see. His chronicle records the destruction of cities like Nishapur and the massacre of populations, providing a contemporary account.

Ibn al-Athir compiled a biographical dictionary of the Prophet Muhammad's companions, listing over 7,500 entries. This work became a standard reference for Islamic biographical literature, organizing companions by name and tribe.

Ibn al-Athir finished his universal history, a multi-volume chronicle covering world history from creation to 1231. The work includes detailed accounts of the Crusades from the Muslim perspective, drawing on his own experiences and interviews with participants.